Heteroperreyia hubrichi Malaise (Hymenoptera: Pergidae) is actually a primitive nonstinging wasp indigenous to northern Argentina and you will southeastern Brazil. The newest biology, environment, and you can host selection of the latest sawfly H. hubrichi was indeed examined in Brazil, Florida, and The state (Vitorino et al. 2000, Medal et al. 1999, Hight et al. 2002, Cuda ainsi que al. 2005). The new larval stage for the bug are phytophagous (plant serving). Industry study gathered inside Brazil imply it variety was bivoltine (one or two generations a year). Sex proportion of grownups is roughly 1:1 (people to help you lady) when breeding is bisexual, however the sawfly also shows arrhenotoky; mated ladies write lady and unmated female produce only guys. When you look at the Brazil, a pupal diapause months happens in the summertime (December in order to February) and you can winter (June so you’re able to August).
Abreast of development regarding pupal phase, ladies mate and you can/or oviposit within the young woody twigs which might be next to the way more tender critical propels. That it choices allows brand new sawfly to get rid of the fresh new dangerous resin popular on Brazilian peppertree’s terminal growth. The feminine spends their noticed-eg ovipositor to reduce the latest stalk tissues and you may input their egg within slim bark together with phloem, the vascular cells you to definitely transfers nourishment on the renders (Shape step three). Brand new egg is actually elliptical fit and generally are placed top because of the front from inside the much time rows from varying length and you will count. Lady exhibit maternal choices by guarding the brand new egg masses within the incubation several months, but perish if the earliest larvae hatch.
That time of egg maturation is focused on fifteen months. The number of egg are directly linked to the measurements of egg mass. An average number of eggs for each size are
Brazilian Peppertree Leaflet Roller, Episimus unguiculus
Episimus unguiculus Clarke, in earlier times called E. utilis Zimmerman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), try produced to your Hawaii for ancient physiological control of Brazilian peppertree on the 1950s (Krauss 1963). ) examined the latest biology away from Elizabeth. unguiculus in the process of setting-up a lab nest getting carrying out server range evaluating inside the a prescription Florida containment laboratory. People (Figure 4) are small, grayish brown moths which have distinctive markings on the forewings. Whenever at peace, brand new people try cryptically colored, like possibly tree bark otherwise bird droppings. Average life duration to your adult moths was 8 so you’re able to 9 weeks, and you may advancement away from eggs in order to adult phase takes place in regarding the 42 months.
Female normally put doing 172 eggs in their lifestyle. Egg usually are placed singly but occasionally when you look at the groups of up to half a dozen eggs on the higher minimizing counters of Brazilian peppertree pamphlets. New eggs, being glued for the leaflet, is compressed, ovoid, and light green inside colour that have a flaccid chorion whenever first transferred however, darken while they establish. The newest thin, scalelike figure and you may transparency from recently placed eggs most likely pay for them specific protection from predation and possibly parasitism.
The brand new caterpillar (or larval stage) from Age. unguiculus (Figure cuatro) periods brand new dried leaves of Brazilian peppertree. Very early instars are bronze so you’re able to light-green into the color, however, as they started to maturity, the fresh larvae change bright red ahead of pupating and are Norman escort service also approximately 15 mm long. This new larval stage possess five instars, although a 6th instar might occur once in a while.
The newest adults is black with red foot (Profile 3), as well as the genders would be separated on such basis as dimensions (ladies are larger), the presence of the brand new ovipositor in women, and just have antennal morphology
Eating models of your own larvae are very different depending upon what their age is. Newly hatched larvae and you may early instars supply of the scraping the exterior of your brochures. Very early instars try leaflet tiers, and generally speaking supply anywhere between young and you will growing literature that have been fastened in addition to silk. The first ever to third instars generally speaking net together a couple of adjoining brochures apartment up against each other. Older larvae bind solitary leaflets for the feature cylindrical roll you to is frequently associated with Age. unguiculus in nature. A great cohort of around thirty five larvae is capable of entirely defoliating an effective 0.5 m significant Brazilian peppertree potted plant in under three months (). The outcomes regarding a recent study because of the Manrique mais aussi al. (2009) revealed that higher amounts of defoliation of the Age. unguiculus significantly shorter the amount of pamphlets, plant peak, foliar biomass, relative growth rate (RGR), and you can capture:means ratio off potted Brazilian peppertrees. Furthermore, flowers were unable to recover from the results of your own herbivory once 8 weeks.
